DEWALT Electrical Professional Reference Based on 2005 NEC

By Paul Rosenberg

The Reference Guide for the Electrical Industry

Updated to the 2005 NEC

The DEWALT Electrical Professional Reference is one of the most comprehensive resource guides available and is a vital tool for anyone working in the industry.

It contains valuable, time-saving information on formulas and laws, lighting, wire capacity, low voltage, conduit and box fill, symbols, raceways and wiring specifications, conversions, abbreviations, motors, definitions, overload protection, materials, transformers, tools and more.

Also Available in Spanish

About the Author
Paul Rosenberg is contributing editor for Power Outlet Magazine, past president of the Fiber Optic Association and teaches electrical engineering courses for Iowa State University. He has written more than thirty textbooks and manuals in addition to the DeWALT series of pocket reference books. He has an extensive background in the electrical contracting industry serving as a supervisor, estimator, project manager, designer, and an independent contractor with numerous licenses and professional certifications.

Paul wrote the first ever installation standard for optical fiber (ANSINEIS- 301), as well as a Raceway Installation standard and was awarded a patent for a power transmission module. From 1991 through 1998, Mr. Rosenberg served as special features editor of Electrical Contractor Magazine and has also served as contributing editor to Electrical Distributor Magazine and the Electronic and Low Voltage Newsletter. He has designed and conducted training programs for NECA and Fiber U while continuing to lecture at industry events throughout the United States.

Table of Contents:

CHAPTER 1
ELECTRICAL FORMULAS
1–1 . . . . OHM’S LAW/POWER FORMULAS
1–2 . . . . OHM’S LAW DIAGRAM AND FORMULAS
1–2 . . . . POWER DIAGRAM AND FORMULAS
1–3 . . . . OHM’S LAW AND IMPEDANCE
1–4 . . . . OHM’S LAW FOR AC CURRENT
1–5 . . . . OHM’S LAW FOR DC CURRENT
. . . . POWER FACTOR
. . . . SINGLE-PHASE POWER
1–6 . . . . THREE-PHASE AC CIRCUITS AND
1–6 . . . . THE UTILIZATION OF POWER
1–6 . . . . WYE CONNECTION
1–6 . . . . DELTA CONNECTION
1–6 . . . . FOUR-WIRE SYSTEM
1–7 . . . . TRUE POWER AND APPARENT POWER
1–6 . . . . POWER FACTOR FORMULA
1–8 . . . . TYPES OF POWER
1–9 . . . . POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT
1–10 . . . . VOLT AND POWER RATIOS VS. DECIBELS
1–11 . . . . AC/DC POWER FORMULAS
1–12 . . . . HORSEPOWER FORMULAS
1–9 . . . . EFFICIENCY FORMULAS
1–9 . . . . VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
1–6 . . . . TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS
1–13 . . . . VOLTAGE DROP FORMULAS
1–14 . . . . FORMULAS FOR SINE WAVES
1–10 . . . . CALCULATING ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE
1–15 . . . . LOCKED ROTOR CURRENT
1–13 . . . . MAXIMUM OCPD
1–16 . . . . MOTOR TORQUE FORMULAS
1–13 . . . . GEAR REDUCER FORMULAS
1–17 . . . . SUMMARY OF SERIES, PARALLEL
1–13 . . . . AND COMBINATION CIRCUITS
1–18 . . . . CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
1–20 . . . . RESISTANCE/RESISTORS
1–21 . . . . CAPACITANCE/CAPACITORS
1–22 . . . . INDUCTANCE/INDUCTORS
1–23 . . . . INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
1–24 . . . . CAPACITIVE REACTANCE
1–25 . . . . DELTA AND WYE RESISTOR CIRCUITS
1–26 . . . . ELECTRICAL FORMULAS
1–30 . . . . TRANSFORMER TURNS RATIO
1–24 . . . . TRANSFORMER INVERSE RATIO

CHAPTER 2
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRONIC SYMBOLS
2–1 . . . . COLOR CODES FOR RESISTORS
2–2 . . . . STANDARD VALUES FOR RESISTORS
2–3 . . . . CAPACITORS
2–3 . . . . COLOR CODES FOR CAPACITORS
2–3 . . . . COLOR CODES FOR CERAMIC CAPACITORS
2–4 . . . . STANDARD VALUES FOR CAPACITORS
2–5 . . . . CAPACITOR RATINGS
2–7 . . . . STANDARD WIRING COLOR CODES
2–8 . . . . SINE WAVES
2–7 . . . . CONDUCTIVE LEAKAGE CURRENT
2–9 . . . . PROGRAMMABLE CONTROLLER ERROR CODES
2–10 . . . . WAVELENGTHS - ELECTROMAGNETIC
2–12 . . . . SMALL TUBE FUSES
2–13 . . . . BASIC BATTERY SIZES
2–14 . . . . FUEL CELLS AND BATTERIES
2–15 . . . . CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
2–15 . . . . MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY OF SOME
. . . . COMMON MATERIALS
. . . . TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT ABBREVIATIONS
2–15 . . . . RADIO FREQUENCY CLASSIFICATIONS
2–16 . . . . ELECTRONIC SYMBOLS

CHAPTER 3
RACEWAYS & WIRING
3–1 . . . . TYPICAL POWER WIRING COLOR CODE
3–1 . . . . RESISTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT SOILS
3–2 . . . . BENDING STUB-UPS
3–3 . . . . BACK TO BACK BENDING
3–4 . . . . OFFSET & SADDLE BENDS
3–5 . . . . AMPACITY OF LAMP/EXT. CORDS
. . . . ENCLOSURES
. . . . HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS
3–6 . . . . ENCLOSURE TYPES
3–8 . . . . SIZES OF PANELBOARDS, GUTTERS
. . . . WIREWAYS, DISCONNECTS,
. . . . PULL AND JUNCTION BOXES
3–9 . . . . BUSWAY OR BUSDUCT
. . . . SWITCH BOARDS OR SWITCH GEARS
. . . . CB’S AND FUSES
3–10 . . . . ELECTRICAL CABLE RATINGS
3–11 . . . . TYPES OF CONDUCTORS
3–14 . . . . JUNCTION BOX CALCULATIONS
3–15 . . . . BOX FILL
. . . . CONDUCTOR VOLUME ALLOWANCE
3–16 . . . . INSULATED CONDUCTOR DIMENSIONS
3–18 . . . . RIGID METALLIC CONDUIT -
3–21 . . . . MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS
3–20 . . . . LIQUIDTIGHT FLEXIBLE CONDUIT -
. . . . MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS
3–22 . . . . NON-METALLIC TUBING -
. . . . MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS
3–24 . . . . ELECTRICAL METALLIC TUBING -
. . . . MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS
3–26 . . . . FLEXIBLE METALLIC CONDUIT -
. . . . MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS
3–28 . . . . RIGID PVC SCH. 40 CONDUIT
. . . . MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS
3–30 . . . . RIGID PVC SCH. 80 CONDUIT -
. . . . MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CONDUCTORS
3–32 . . . . WIRE DATA - STRANDED CONDUCTORS
3–33 . . . . COPPER WIRE SPECIFICATIONS
3–34 . . . . COMPARATIVE WEIGHTS OF COPPER
. . . . AND ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS
3–35 . . . . COPPER BUS-BAR DATA
3–36 . . . . VOLTAGE DROP USING OHMS LAW
3–36 . . . . CALCULATING BRANCH CIRCUIT
. . . . VOLTAGE DROP IN PERCENT
3–37 . . . . VOLTAGE DROP FORMULAS
3–38 . . . . VOLTAGE DROP AMPERE-FEET
3–39 . . . . WIRE LENGTH VS. WIRE SIZE
. . . . (MAXIMUM VOLTAGE DROP)
3–40 . . . . COPPER WIRE RESISTANCE
3–41 . . . . VOLTAGE DROP TABLE
3–42 . . . . AMPACITIES OF COPPER
3–41 . . . . CONDUCTORS (3)
3–44 . . . . AMPACITIES OF COPPER
3–41 . . . . CONDUCTORS (1)
3–46 . . . . AMPACITIES OF ALUMINUM OR
3–44 . . . . COPPER - CLAD ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS (3)
3–48 . . . . AMPACITIES OF ALUMINUM OR
. . . . COPPER-CLAD ALUMINUM CONDUCTORS (1)
3–50 . . . . AMPACITY ADJUSTMENTS FOR 4 OR
3–44 . . . . MORE CONDUCTORS IN A CABLE/RACEWAY
3–44 . . . . AMPERAGE RATINGS FOR SINGLE PHASE
3–44 . . . . SERVICE OR FEEDER CONDUCTORS
3–51 . . . . MINIMUM SIZE CONDUCTORS FOR
3–44 . . . . GROUNDING RACEWAY AND EQUIPMENT
3–52 . . . . GROUNDING ELECTRODE CONDUCTORS
3–44 . . . . FOR AC SYSTEMS
3–53 . . . . CONDUIT AND TUBING - ALLOWABLE AREA
. . . . DIMENSIONS FOR WIRE COMBINATIONS
3–56 . . . . DESIGNED DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS
3–53 . . . . OF RIGID STEEL CONDUIT
3–53 . . . . DIMENSIONS OF THREAD FOR
3–53 . . . . RIGID STEEL CONDUIT
3–57 . . . . DESIGNED DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS
3–56 . . . . OF COUPLINGS
3–56 . . . . DIMENSIONS OF 90-DEGREE ELBOWS
3–56 . . . . WEIGHTS OF NIPPLES PER HUNDRED
3–58 . . . . APPROXIMATE SPACING OF CONDUIT
3–56 . . . . BUSHINGS, CHASE NIPPLES AND LOCK NUTS
3–60 . . . . APPROXIMATE SIZES OF CONDUITS,
3–56 . . . . COUPLINGS, CHASE NIPPLES AND BUSHINGS
3–61 . . . . DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF
3–61 . . . . ELECTRICAL METALLIC TUBING
3–56 . . . . DIMENSIONS OF 90-DEGREE ELBOWS
3–62 . . . . EXPANSION CHARACTERISTICS OF
3–61 . . . . PVC RIGID NON-METALLIC CONDUIT

CHAPTER 4
COMMUNICATIONS
4–1 . . . . TYPES OF DATA NETWORKS
4–1 . . . . STANDARD CONFIGURATIONS FOR
. . . . SEVERAL COMMON NETWORKS
4–2 . . . . MAXIMUM ATTENUATION OF
. . . . CATEGORY 3, 4, & 5 CABLING
4–2 . . . . WORST PAIR NEXT LOSS AT
. . . . SPECIFIC FREQUENCIES
4–3 . . . . ETHERNET 10 BASE-T STRAIGHT
. . . . THRU PATCH CORD
4–3 . . . . ETHERNET 10 BASE-T CROSSOVER
. . . . PATCH CORD
4–4 . . . . MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCE
. . . . FROM POWER SOURCE AT 480V
4–4 . . . . ISDN CONNECTIONS
4–5 . . . . COMMON TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS
4–7 . . . . COLOR-CODING OF CABLES
4–6 . . . . TWISTED-PAIR PLUGS AND JACKS
4–8 . . . . STANDARD PHONE JACKS
4–7 . . . . PIN CONNECTORS
4–9 . . . . CROSS CONNECTIONS
4–9 . . . . CATEGORY CABLING
4–9 . . . . INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
4–8 . . . . CONDUCTORS ENTERING BUILDINGS
4–10 . . . . CIRCUIT PROTECTION
4–9 . . . . INTERIOR COMMUNICATIONS
. . . . CONDUCTORS
4–10 . . . . STANDARD TELECOM COLOR CODING
4–11 . . . . 25-PAIR COLOR CODING/ISDN
. . . . CONTACT ASSIGNMENTS
4–12 . . . . 66 BLOCK WIRING & CABLE COLOR CODING
4–14 . . . . ISDN ASSIGNMENT OF CONTACT
. . . . NUMBERS
4–15 . . . . TYPICAL WIRING METHODS
4–16 . . . . MODULAR JACK STYLES
4–16 . . . . COMMON WIRING CONFIGURATIONS

CHAPTER 5
FIBER OPTICS
5–1 . . . . TYPICAL OPTICAL BUDGETS
5–1 . . . . MAXIMUM VERTICAL RISE DISTANCES
5–1 . . . . FIBER OPTIC CONNECTORS
. . . . DATA COMMUNICATION STYLES
5–2 . . . . TELEPHONE & HIGH PERFORMANCE
. . . . STYLES
5–2 . . . . TYPICAL BANDWIDTH-DISTANCE
. . . . PRODUCTS
5–2 . . . . OPTICAL CABLE JACKET MATERIALS
5–3 . . . . NEC CLASSIFICATIONS FOR
. . . . OPTICAL CABLES
5–4 . . . . COMMON FIBER TYPES
5–5 . . . . COMPARISON OF LASER & LED
. . . . LIGHT SOURCES
5–5 . . . . COMPARISON OF BUFFER TYPES
5–5 . . . . INDICES OF REFRACTION
5–5 . . . . TRANSMISSION RATES-DIGITAL
5–6 . . . . MISMATCHED FIBER CONNECTION
. . . . LOSSES (EXCESS LOSS IN db)
5–6 . . . . POWER LEVELS OF FIBER OPTIC
. . . . COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
5–6 . . . . DETECTORS USED IN FIBER OPTIC
. . . . POWER METERS
5–6 . . . . FIBER OPTIC TESTING
5–7 . . . . TYPICAL CABLE SYSTEM FAULTS
. . . OPTICAL CABLE CRUSH STRENGTHS
5–7 . . . . MOST COMMON CAUSES OF
. . . . FAILURES IN FIBER OPTIC LANS
5–8 . . . . FIBER OPTIC LABOR UNITS
5–8 . . . . FIBER OPTIC SAFETY RULES
5–9 . . . . CABLE SELECTION CRITERIA
5–9 . . . . MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED
5–9 . . . . INSTALLATION LOADS
5–11 . . . . FIBER OPTIC DATA NETWORK
. . . . STANDARDS
5–11 . . . . FIBER TYPES AND SPECIFICATIONS
5–10 . . . . COMMON FIBER OPTIC CONNECTORS

CHAPTER 6
MOTORS
6–1 . . . . DESIGNING MOTOR CIRCUITS
6–2 . . . . MOTOR CONTROL CIRCUITS
6–4 . . . . WYE-WOUND MOTORS
6–5 . . . . TIPS ON SELECTING MOTORS
6–6 . . . . SQUIRREL CAGE MOTORS
6–7 . . . . WOUND-ROTOR MOTORS
6–8 . . . . SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
6–9 . . . . DC MOTORS
6–10 . . . . SUMMARY OF MOTOR APPLICATIONS
6–14 . . . . MOTOR FRAME DIMENSIONS
6–18 . . . . MOTOR FRAME TABLE
6–20 . . . . MOTOR FRAME LETTERS
6–21 . . . . TYPES OF ENCLOSURES
6–22 . . . . SHAFT COUPLING SELECTIONS
6–23 . . . . V-BELTS/MOTOR SIZE
6–24 . . . . TYPICAL MOTOR EFFICIENCIES
6–25 . . . . COMMON SERVICE FACTORS
6–26 . . . . DC MOTOR PERFORMANCE
6–24 . . . . CHARACTERISTICS
6–24 . . . . MAXIMUM ACCELERATION TIME
6–27 . . . . SMALL MOTOR GUIDE
6–28 . . . . THREE-PHASE MOTOR REQUIREMENTS
6–29 . . . . DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR REQUIREMENTS
6–30 . . . . MOTOR TORQUE (INCH-POUNDS)
6–33 . . . . HORSEPOWER TO TORQUE CONVERSION
6–34 . . . . SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS AND
. . . . CIRCUITS - 120 V SYSTEM
6–35 . . . . SINGLE-PHASE MOTORS AND
. . . . CIRCUITS - 240 V SYSTEM
6–37 . . . . THREE-PHASE MOTORS AND
. . . . CIRCUITS - 240 V SYSTEM
6–40 . . . . THREE-PHASE MOTORS AND
6–40 . . . . CIRCUITS - 480 V SYSTEM
6–43 . . . . DC MOTORS AND CIRCUITS
6–46 . . . . CONTROL RATINGS
6–49 . . . . STANDARD MOTOR SIZES
6–50 . . . . FULL-LOAD CURRENTS - DC MOTORS
6–50 . . . . FULL-LOAD CURRENTS - 1f,AC MOTORS
6–51 . . . . FULL-LOAD CURRENTS - 3 f, AC
. . . . INDUCTION MOTORS
6–52 . . . . STARTING METHODS: SQUIRREL
6–51 . . . . CAGE INDUCTION MOTORS
6–53 . . . . NEMA RATINGS OF 60Hz
6–51 . . . . AC CONTACTORS
6–54 . . . . SETTING BRANCH CIRCUIT
6–51 . . . . PROTECTIVE DEVICES
6–55 . . . . MAXIMUM OCPD
6–51 . . . . STANDARD SIZES OF FUSES AND CB’S
6–56 . . . . LOCKED ROTOR CURRENT
6–57 . . . . MOTOR POWER FORMULAS-
6–51 . . . . COST SAVINGS
6–58 . . . . TYPICAL MOTOR POWER FACTORS
6–51 . . . . EFFICIENCY FORMULAS
6–51 . . . . VOLTAGE UNBALANCE FORMULA
6–59 . . . . VOLTAGE VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS
6–51 . . . . FREQUENCY VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS
6–60 . . . . GENERAL EFFECT OF VOLTAGE
6–51 . . . . VARIATION ON DIRECT CURRENT
6–51 . . . . MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS
6–61 . . . . GENERAL EFFECT OF VOLTAGE
6–51 . . . . AND FREQUENCY VARIATION ON
6–51 . . . . INDUCTION MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS
6–62 . . . . HEATER TRIP CHARACTERISTICS
6–63 . . . . HEATER SELECTIONS
6–66 . . . . HEATER AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
6–51 . . . . CORRECTION
6–67 . . . . HEATING ELEMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6–69 . . . . DIRECT CURRENT MOTOR
6–51 . . . . TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
6–71 . . . . SHADED POLE MOTOR
6–51 . . . . TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
6–72 . . . . SPLIT-PHASE MOTOR
6–51 . . . . TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
6–75 . . . . THREE-PHASE MOTOR
6–51 . . . . TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
6–77 . . . . CONTACTOR AND MOTOR STARTER
6–51 . . . . TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
6–79 . . . . FAULTY SOLENOID PROBLEMS
6–81 . . . . MOTOR MAINTENANCE CHECKLISTS
6–84 . . . . MOTOR REPAIR AND SERVICE RECORD

CHAPTER 7
TRANSFORMERS
7–1 . . . . TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
7–7 . . . . TRANSFORMER SOUND LEVELS
7–7 . . . . TRANSFORMER WINDING RATIOS
7–7 . . . . SATISFACTORY VOLTAGE LEVELS
7–8 . . . . SINGLE-PHASE AC MOTORS-
7–7 . . . . FULL-LOAD AMPERES
7–9 . . . . THREE-PHASE AC MOTORS-
7–10 . . . . FULL-LOAD AMPERES
7–10 . . . . SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS-
7–7 . . . . KVA RATING/AMPERES
7–11 . . . . THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS-
7–7 . . . . KVA RATING/AMPERES
7–12 . . . . RF COIL WINDING FORMULAS
7–13 . . . . TURNS/INCH VERSUS WIRE SIZE
7–14 . . . . COMMON TRANSFORMER KVA RATINGS

CHAPTER 8
ELECTRICAL PLAN SYMBOLS
8–1 . . . . GENERAL SYMBOLS
8–3 . . . . LIGHTING OUTLETS
8–4 . . . . RECEPTACLE OUTLETS
8–7 . . . . SWITCH OUTLETS
8–9 . . . . SIGNALING SYSTEM OUTLETS
. . . . FOR INSTITUTIONAL/COMMERCIAL
8–14 . . . . SIGNALING SYSTEM OUTLETS
. . . . FOR RESIDENTIAL
8–15 . . . . PANELBOARDS, SWITCHBOARDS
. . . . AND RELATED EQUIPMENT
8–16 . . . . BUS DUCTS/WIREWAYS/REMOTE CONTROLS
8–17 . . . . CIRCUITING SYMBOLS
8–18 . . . . ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION
8–20 . . . . ARRESTER AND GAP SYMBOLS
8–21 . . . . BATTERY SYMBOLS
8–22 . . . . CIRCUIT BREAKERS
8–24 . . . . CIRCUIT RETURN SYMBOLS
8–25 . . . . CONTACTORS
8–26 . . . . CIRCUIT CONDITION DESIGNATIONS
8–27 . . . . PARALLEL-LINE CONTACTORS
8–28 . . . . OPERATED CONTACTORS
8–29 . . . . GENERATOR, MOTOR AND
. . . . WINDING SYMBOLS
8–30 . . . . APPLICATIONS FOR DIRECT CURRENT
8–34 . . . . ALTERNATING CURRENT
8–29 . . . . MOTOR SYMBOLS
8–35 . . . . TRANSMISSION PATH, JUNCTION PATH AND POLARITY SYMBOLS
8–37 . . . . SWITCHES
8–38 . . . . TRANSFORMERS
8–41 . . . . TRANSFORMER WINDING
. . . . CONNECTION SYMBOLS
8–43 . . . . MOTOR CONTROLS
8–47 . . . . METER AND INSTRUMENT SYMBOLS

CHAPTER 9
LIGHTING
9–1 . . . . RECOMMENDED LIGHT LEVELS
9–1 . . . . LAMP RATINGS
9–2 . . . . LAMP ADVANTAGES AND
. . . . DISADVANTAGES
9–2 . . . . LAMP ELECTRICAL EFFICIENCY
9–2 . . . . COMMON INCANDESCENT LAMPS
9–3 . . . . COMMON FLUORESCENT LAMPS
9–3 . . . . BALLAST SOUND RATING
9–3 . . . . HID LAMP CHARACTERISTICS
9–3 . . . . LAMP CHARACTERISTICS SUMMARY
9–4 . . . . HID LAMP TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
9–5 . . . . INCANDESCENT LAMP
. . . . TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
9–5 . . . . FLUORESCENT LAMP
. . . . TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
9–7 . . . . LAMP IDENTIFICATION
9–8 . . . . BALLAST LOSS
9–9 . . . . RECOMMENDED BALLAST OUTPUT
. . . . VOLTAGE LIMITS
9–10 . . . . RECOMMENDED SHORT-CIRCUIT
. . . . CURRENT TEST LIMITS
9–11 . . . . LIGHT SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
9–12 . . . . FUNDAMENTAL LIGHTING
8–29 . . . . CALCULATIONS

CHAPTER 10
CONVERSION FACTORS AND UNITS
OF MEASUREMENT
10–1 . . . . COMMON CONVERSION FACTORS
10–6 . . . . ELECTRICAL AND COMMON PREFIXES
10–6 . . . . COMMON ELECTRICAL QUANTITIES
10–6 . . . . CONVERSION TABLE
10–7 . . . . ELECTRICAL ABBREVIATIONS
10–8 . . . . CONVERSION TABLE FOR TEMPERATURE
10–10 . . . . DECIBEL LEVELS OF SOUNDS
10–11 . . . . SOUND AWARENESS AND SAFETY
10–12 . . . . TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS
10–16 . . . . DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS OF FRACTIONS
10–17 . . . . COMMON ENGINEERING UNITS AND
. . . . THEIR RELATIONSHIP
10–18 . . . . COMMONLY USED GEOMETRICAL
. . . . RELATIONSHIPS

CHAPTER 11
MATERIALS & TOOLS
11–1 . . . . STRENGTH GAIN VS. PULL ANGLE
11–1 . . . . LENGTH OF WIRE CABLE PER REEL
11–2 . . . . SHEET METAL SCREW CHARACTERISTICS
11–3 . . . . STANDARD WOOD SCREW CHARACTERISTICS
11–4 . . . . ALLEN HEAD AND MACHINE SCREW BOLT
. . . . AND TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS
11–5 . . . . HEX HEAD BOLT AND TORQUE
. . . . CHARACTERISTICS
11–7 . . . . WHITWORTH HEX HEAD BOLT AND TORQUE
. . . . CHARACTERISTICS
11–8 . . . . METRIC HEX HEAD BOLT AND TORQUE
. . . . CHARACTERISTICS
11–9 . . . . TIGHTENING TORQUE IN POUND-
. . . . FEET-SCREW FIT/SCREW TORQUES
11–10 . . . . STANDARD TAPS AND DIES
11–11 . . . . TAPS & DIES-METRIC CONVERSIONS
11–12 . . . . RECOMMENDED DRILLING SPEEDS
11–13 . . . . TORQUE LUBRICATION EFFECTS
11–14 . . . . METALWORKING LUBRICANTS
11–14 . . . . TYPES OF SOLDERING FLUX
. . . . HARD AND SOFT SOLDER ALLOYS
11–15 . . . . PROPERTIES OF WELDING GASES
. . . . WELDING RODS
11–16 . . . . CABLE CLAMPS PER WIRE ROPE SIZE
11–17 . . . . TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
11–18 . . . . PULLEY AND GEAR CALCULATIONS
11–20 . . . . STANDARD “V” BELT LENGTHS
11–22 . . . . MELTING POINT AND
11–19 . . . . RELATIVE CONDUCTIVITY OF
11–19 . . . . DIFFERENT METALS AND ALLOYS